Fundamentals

Variables

Three declaration keywords with distinct semantics:

Keyword	Meaning
const	Compile-time constant. Never changes.
let	Runtime immutable. Assigned once.
var	Mutable. Can be reassigned.

const MAX_HEALTH = 100.0

let name = "Hero"           // type inferred from value
let name: string = "Hero"   // explicit type

var health = 100.0
health = 80.0               // ok
name = "Villain"            // compile error — let is immutable

Types are non-nullable by default. See Error Handling for Optional<T>.

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Primitive types

Writ type	Description
int	Integer. Stored as i32, automatically promoted to i64 on overflow.
float	Floating point. Stored as f32, promoted to f64 when precision needs it.
bool	true or false.
string	UTF-8 text.

The VM picks the smallest representation that fits and promotes transparently — scripts always see int and float.

let x: int = 42
let y: float = 3.15
let alive: bool = true
let name: string = "Hero"

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Naming conventions

Kind	Convention	Example
Primitives	lowercase	int, float, string
User-defined types	PascalCase	Player, Entity, Weapon
Methods and functions	camelCase	takeDamage, getHealth
Fields	camelCase	maxHealth, currentSpeed
Enum variants	PascalCase	Direction.North

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Strings

let name = "Hero"

// Interpolation
let greeting = "Hello, $name!"
let msg = "HP: ${player.health}"
let calc = "Total: ${a + b}"

// Escape the dollar sign
let literal = "Cost: \$50"

// Multi-line
let block = """
    Player: $name
    Health: $health
    """

// Concatenation
let full = "Hello" .. ", " .. name

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Operators

Arithmetic

a + b    // add
a - b    // subtract
a * b    // multiply
a / b    // divide
a % b    // modulo

Comparison

a == b   a != b
a < b    a > b
a <= b   a >= b

Logical

a && b   // and
a || b   // or
!a       // not

Assignment

x = 10
x += 5
x -= 2
x *= 3
x /= 2
x %= 4

Other

Operator	Meaning
??	Null coalescing — use right side if left is null
?.	Safe member access — short-circuits to null
?	Error propagation — return early on failure
..	String concatenation
...	Spread into array or dict
as	Type cast
a ? b : c	Ternary

Ranges

0..10    // exclusive: 0 to 9
0..=10   // inclusive: 0 to 10

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Comments

// Single line

/* Multi line
   comment */

// Doc comment — placed directly above a declaration
// The type checker and tooling pick these up automatically.
func takeDamage(amount: float) { }

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Blocks and semicolons

Curly braces delimit blocks. Semicolons are optional — newlines terminate statements. Unclosed brackets defer termination to their closing bracket:

let x = 10
let x = 10;   // also valid

let result = someFunction(
    arg1,
    arg2      // newline ignored inside parens
)